EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH European Laboratory for Particle Physics CRYOGENICS FOR THE LARGE HADRON COLLIDER
نویسنده
چکیده
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a 26.7 km circumference superconducting accelerator equipped with high-field magnets operating in superfluid helium below 1.9 K, has now fully entered construction at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics. The heart of the LHC cryogenic system is the quasi-isothermal magnet cooling scheme, in which flowing two-phase saturated superfluid helium removes the heat load from the 36'000 ton cold mass, immersed in some 400 m3 static pressurised superfluid helium. The LHC also makes use of supercritical helium for non-isothermal cooling of the beam screens which intercept most of the dynamic heat loads at higher temperature. Although not used in normal operation, liquid nitrogen will provide the source of refrigeration for precooling the machine. Refrigeration for the LHC is produced in eight large refrigerators, each with an equivalent capacity of about 18 kW at 4.5 K, completed by 1.8 K refrigeration units making use of several stages of hydrodynamic cold compressors. The cryogenic fluids are distributed to the cryomagnet strings by a compound cryogenic distribution line circling the tunnel. Procurement contracts for the major components of the LHC cryogenic system have been adjudicated to industry, and their progress will be briefly reported. Besides construction proper, the study and development of cryogenics for the LHC has resulted in salient advances in several fields of cryogenic engineering, which we shall also review.
منابع مشابه
EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH European Laboratory for Particle Physics THE LARGE HADRON COLLIDER, A MEGASCIENCE PROJECT
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be the next particle accelerator built to serve the world's high-energy physics community at CERN, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research. Reusing the 26.7-km circumference tunnel and infrastructure of the existing LEP collider, the LHC will make use of advanced technology high-field superconducting magnets operated in superfluid helium to push the e...
متن کاملEUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH European Laboratory for Particle Physics THE PROXIMITY CRYOGENIC SYSTEM FOR THE ATLAS TOROIDAL MAGNETS
ATLAS is a very high-energy detector for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The superconducting magnet used to provide the required magnetic field consists of four sub-systems: a central solenoid and a very large toroidal magnet comprising two end-cap magnets and the barrel toroid magnet. The associated cryogenic system, currently in the final specification and procurement phase has been ...
متن کاملEUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH Laboratory for Particle Physics (ECR) STUDIES ON COOLING OF THE TOTEM PARTICLE DETECTOR AT THE LHC
متن کامل
EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH European Laboratory for Particle Physics MAGNETIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS FOR THE LHC DIPOLE ASSEMBLY COMPANIES
J. Billan, J. Garcia-Perez, D. Giloteaux, A. Raimondo, V. Remondino, H. Reymond, A. Rijllart CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
متن کاملEUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH European Laboratory for Particle Physics Large Hadron Collider Project LHC Project Report 16 Transverse Instabilities in the LHC
I first summarize the impedance model that I will be using (this is compiled from the work of several other authors). I then use the methods described elsewhere [1] to determine mode coupling thresholds and growth rates of multibunch modes, including the effects of multibunch mode coupling (see [1]). The effects of feedback are also considered.
متن کامل